• Product NameMetronidazole
  • CasNo. 443-48-1
  • MFC6H9N3O3
  • MW171.156
  • Purity
  • Appearancewhite to slightly yellow crystalline powder
  • Packing
  • Contact usInquiry

Product Details

CasNo: 443-48-1

MF: C6H9N3O3

Appearance: white to slightly yellow crystalline powder

Quality Manufacturer Supply High Purity 99% Metronidazole 443-48-1 with Reasonable Price

  • Molecular Formula:C6H9N3O3
  • Molecular Weight:171.156
  • Appearance/Colour:white to slightly yellow crystalline powder 
  • Vapor Pressure:2.67E-07mmHg at 25°C 
  • Melting Point:159-161 °C(lit.) 
  • Refractive Index:1.612 
  • Boiling Point:405.4 °C at 760 mmHg 
  • PKA:pKa 2.62(H2O,t =25±0.2,Iundefined) (Uncertain) 
  • Flash Point:199 °C 
  • PSA:83.87000 
  • Density:1.45 g/cm3 
  • LogP:0.61520 

Metronidazole(Cas 443-48-1) Usage

Antibacterial Spectrum

In addition to being used for anti-trichomoniasis and anti-ameba, in recent years, metronidazole has been widely used in anti-anaerobic infection. The nitro group of this product is reduced to amino group in an anaerobic environment and shows the effect of anti-anaerobic bacteria, but it is ineffective against aerobic bacteria or facultative aerobic bacteria. It has good antibacterial effect on the following anaerobic bacteria: ① Bacteroides, including Bacteroides fragilis; ② Clostridium; ③ Clostridium, including Tetanus; ④ Partial Eubacterium; ⑤ Peptococcus and Digestive Streptococcus etc.

Brand Name(s)

Flagyl and generic

Indications and Usage

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic, also known as metronidazol and novonidazol. It was initially used to treat vaginal trichomaniasis, with very significant clinical effects. It is broadly used to prevent and treat oral anaerobic infections. In hospitals, it has been used frequently to prevent and treat respiratory, gastrointestinal, peritoneal, pelvic, skin, soft tissue, joint, and brain infections, cardiomyitis, and septicemia caused by anaerobic bacteria. The effectiveness of Metronidazole towards treating body tissue and intestinal amoebiasis is significant, and it the preferred drug to treat parasitosis.

Mechanisms of Action

Metronidazole kills anaerobic microorganisms, and its metabolites in the body during reduction also inhibit them by inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus interfering with bacterial growth and propagation, eventually killing them. Anaerobic bacteria affected include: Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium (so named because of its sharp fusiform shape at both ends,) Clostridium tetani, Peptostreptococcus, and Giardia lamblia. Its mechanism of action in the treatment of parasites is to disrupt protozoans’ nitrogen chains by inhibiting their redox reactions. In vitro experiments have shown that at concentrations of 1-2 mg/L, morphological changes occurred in dissolved amoeba starting at 6-20 hours, killing them all within 24 hours. At a concentration of 0.2 mg/L, dissolved bacteria were killed within 72 hours.

Warnings and Precautions

Interactions with nitroimidazole antibiotics, ethanol, and nicotine interfere with the oxidation of ethanol and can cause disulfiram reactions, causing symptoms like faster heart rate and decreased blood pressure, so patients should avoid contact with alcohol and smoke less during treatment in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions.

Methods of production

It is synthetized by 2-methyl-5-nitro imidazole (see 25010) and ethylene oxide addition. 2-methyl-5-nitro imidazole dissolved in formic acid and at 30-40℃ successive adding epoxy ethane, and sulfuric acid in the middle of adding feeding. and reaction for 1 h, after that. Decompression to recycle formic acid, water solution is cooled to 10 ℃, filter. The filtrate with sodium hydroxide solution to adjust pH = 10. Set aside to cool, filtering, washing to nearly alterations into neutral, recrystallization in water. Activated carbon decolorization to get metronidazole.

Pharmacology and mechanism of action

Metronidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole derivative which was originally introduced against Trichomonas vaginalis in 1960. Soon it was shown to possess a broad spectrum of activity against other protozoal infections such as amoebiasis and giardiasis, and more recently against infections due to anaerobic bacteria [1]. The mechanism of action of metronidazole is not well understood. In the parasite, the 5-nitro group of the drug undergoes reductive transformation to a cytotoxic intermediate which binds to the helical structure of the DNA leading to strand breakage and eventual cell death [2].

Indications

Against infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica (acute intestinal type and liver abscesses), Giardia lamblia and Dracunculus medinensis. During treatment of trichomoniasis it is wise to treat the male partner as well. In amoebiasis, a luminal amoebicide is added to eliminate surviving organisms in the colon. Metronidazole is also used for the treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria.

Side effects

Side effects with doses used to treat protozoal infections are usually mild, reversible and self-limiting and may affect 4% to 5% of treated patients. The most common are gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, metallic taste, furring of the tongue), intolerance to alcohol (disulfiram-like effect) and central nervous system effects (headache, dizziness and sleepiness) [3]. Other side effects reported include urticaria, darkening of the urine with a reddish-brown discoloration and transient neutropenia [4]. During prolonged high doses, the drug may cause severe neurotoxic side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, paraesthesia and epileptiform seizures [3,4]. Few case reports of bone marrow depression [5], gynecomastia [6] and acute pancreatitis [7] have been reported. Although metronidazole is mutagenic in bacteria and carcinogenic in rodents, no association with human cancer has been proven .

Contraindications and precautions

Dosage reductions should be made in patients with severe hepatic failure. Because of its potential neurotoxicity and neutropenia the drug should be given with caution to patients with diseases of the CNS or with a history of blood dyscrasia. Patients should be warned of a disulfiram-like reaction if the drug is taken together with alcohol. Metronidazole should be used with extra caution in patients being treated with warfarin (see interactions).

Interactions

Metronidazole is a weak inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. Simultaneous administration of metronidazole and disulfiram has been reported to cause an acute psychosis or mental confusion. This effect was observed in 6 of 29 chronic alcoholic men given both drugs, but in none of those given placebo plus disulfiram [8]. Metronidazole inhibits the ring oxidation of S (+) warfarin and significant bleeding can occur if the two drugs are taken together [9]. Significant increase of hepatic clearance of metronidazole has been reported when the drug was taken together with phenobarbital [10, 11] or prednisone [11].

Preparations

Many preparations are available apart from those mentioned below. Available as metronidazole ? Elyzol? (Dumex). Solution for infusion 5 mg/ml. Tablets 250 mg, 500 mg. Suppositories 500 mg, 1000 mg. ? Flagyl? (Rh?ne-Poulenc Rorer). Solution for infusion 5 mg/ml. Tablets 200 mg, 400 mg. Suppositories 500 mg, 1000 mg. ? Servizol? (Servipharm). Tablets 200 mg, 250 mg. Available as metronidazole benzoate: 10 mg metronidazole benzoate is equivalent to 6.2 mg metronidazole. ? Elyzol (Dumex)? Oral solution 25 mg metronidazole base/ml. ? Flagyl? (Rh?ne-Poulenc Rorer). Oral solution 40 mg metronidazole base/ml.

Definition

ChEBI: Metronidazole is a member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. It has a role as an antitrichomonal drug, a prodrug, an antibacterial drug, an antimicrobial agent, an antiparasitic agent, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a radiosensitizing agent and an antiamoebic agent. It is a member of imidazoles, a C-nitro compound and a primary alcohol. It is a conjugate base of a metronidazole(1+).

Manufacturing Process

2-Methyl-4(or 5)-nitroimidazole (127 g) is heated with ethylene chlorohydrin (795 g) for 18 hours at 128° to 130°C and the chlorohydrin (660 g) is then distilled under reduced pressure (30mm Hg). The residue is treated with water (300 cc) and filtered, and the filtrate is made alkaline by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution (d = 1.33, 100 cc). It is then extracted with chloroform (1,000 cc) and, after evaporation of the chloroform in vacuo, there is obtained a pasty mass (77 g) which is recrystallized from ethyl acetate (450 cc) in the presence of animal charcoal. There is thus obtained 1-(2- hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (24 g) as a creamy white crystalline powder melting at 158° to 160°C.

Therapeutic Function

Antiprotozoal

Antimicrobial activity

Metronidazole inhibits E. histolytica, G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, Blastocystis hominis, B. coli, and the helminth Dracunculus medinensis. It is also bactericidal for obligate anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria except Actinomyces spp. It is not active against aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Drug resistance is infrequent; the mechanism of resistance is not understood. Tinidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole closely related to metronidazole, is effective against vaginal trichomoniasis resistant to metronidazole.

Acquired resistance

Although resistance in Bacteroides spp. and T. vaginalis is well documented, it is uncommon. Resistance occurs more frequently in H. pylori and failure of treatment with triple drug regimens may be associated with resistance to the metronidazole component.

General Description

White to pale-yellow crystalline powder with a slight odor. Bitter and saline taste. pH (saturated aqueous solution) about 6.5.

Air & Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Metronidazole darkens on exposure to light. Metronidazole is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. .

Fire Hazard

Flash point data for Metronidazole are not available; however, Metronidazole is probably combustible.

Pharmaceutical Applications

A 5-nitroimidazole available for oral administration or as a suppository; also formulated as the hydrochloride for intravenous use, and as the benzoate in an oral suspension and a dental gel. Aqueous solubility: 10 g/L at 20°C. Soluble in dilute acids. It is photolabile and preparations should be protected from light. Metronidazole hydrochloride has a low pH (0.5–2.0) when reconstituted, and reacts with aluminum in equipment, including needles, to produce a reddish-brown discoloration. It is incompatible with several agents and other drugs should not be added to intravenous solutions.

Contact allergens

Metronidazole is a nitro-6-imidazole compound with antiprotozoal and antibacterial properties. Topical exposure may induce allergic contact dermatitis. Sensitization is mainly observed with the treatment of rosacea and rarely occurs from handling of table.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce metronidazole to its active form. Reduced metronidazole covalently binds to DNA which disrupts its helical structure, induces DNA strand breaks and inhibits bacterial nucleic acid synthesis. Bacterial cell death results.

Mechanism of action

Despite the availability of metronidazole since the late 1950s, the mechanism of action of the drug is still unknown. It generally is agreed that metronidazole is a pro-drug and that anaerobic organisms reduce the nitro group in metronidazole to a hydroxylamine, as shown in Figure 39.2, during which a reactive derivative or reactive species are produced that cause destructive effects on cell components (i.e., DNA, proteins, and membranes). Specifically, DoCampo has reported that nitroaryl compounds (nitroimidazoles, metronidazole; nitrofurans, nifurtomox) are reduced to nitro radical anions, which in turn react with oxygen to regenerate the nitroaryl and the superoxide radical anion. Further reduction of superoxide radical anion leads to hydrogen peroxide and homolytic cleavage of the latter leads to hydroxyl radical formation. Superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals are referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are the reactive substances that are implicated in damage to critical cellular components of the parasite.

Pharmacology

Absorption from the intestinal tract is usually good. Food delays but does not reduce absorption.The drug is distributed in body fluids and has a half-life of about 8 hours. High levels are found in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Less than 20% binds to plasma proteins. Metronidazole is metabolized by oxidation and glucuronide formation in the liver and is primarily excreted by the kidneys, although small amounts can be found in saliva and breast milk. Dose reduction is generally unnecessary in renal failure.

Pharmacokinetics

Oral absorption :>90%Cmax 400 mg oral :c. 10 mg/L after 3–5 h Plasma half-life: 6–11 h Volume of distribution:0.6–1.1 L/kg Plasma protein binding:<20%absorptionPeak plasma concentrations after oral administration are proportional to the dose. Plasma levels are usually lower in men because of weight differences. In patients treated intravenously with a loading dose of 15 mg/kg followed by 7.5 mg/kg every 6 h, peak steady state plasma concentrations averaged 25 mg/L with minimum trough concentrations averaging 18 mg/L.The bioavailability of metronidazole in rectal suppositories is around 60%. Effective blood concentrations occur 5–12 h after the first suppository and are maintained by an 8 h regimen.There are conflicting data on the effects of age on absorption. One study, which did not distinguish between metronidazole and its metabolites, indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) for plasma was almost doubled in the elderly. However, the general consensus is that there is no requirement for a decreased dosage for the elderly, unless there is significant renal impairment.Distribution It is widely distributed in body tissues after oral or intravenous administration.It appears about 90 min after an oral dose in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva and breast milk in concentrations similar to those found in plasma: and in?:vaginal secretions, pleural and prostatic fluid at levels about 40% of those of the plasma. In patients receiving 500 mg every 12 h or 1 g every 6 h, CSF levels of up to 2 and 8 mg/L, respectively, have been found. Bactericidal concentrations of metronidazole are achieved in pus from hepatic abscesses. Concentrations in placenta and fetal tissue are related to the corresponding maternal plasma levels: concentrations of 3.5 mg/kg (placenta) and 9 mg/kg (fetus) when the plasma concentration was 13.5 mg/L. MetabolismIt is metabolized in the liver to a glucuronide conjugate and to acid and hydroxy derivatives. The acid metabolite, produced by oxidation of the N-1 ethanol side-chain, is microbiologically inactive and appears in the urine because of its high water solubility. The hydroxy derivative, which is as active as the parent drug against G. vaginalis, is formed by oxidation of the methyl group on C-2 of the imidazole ring, first to the hydroxymethyl derivative and subsequently to the carboxylic acid. Hydroxymetronidazole has a half-life of 10–13 h. Both metronidazole itself and the hydroxymethyl metabolite can form sulfate or glucuronide conjugates: the acid metabolite may be excreted as the glycine conjugate. Traces of metabolites derived from reduction of the nitro group are found in urine and are assumed to be formed by the intestinal flora.excretionAbout 60–80% of the dose appears in the urine and 6–15% in the feces. The hydroxy and acid metabolites are also excreted in the urine. Glucuronide conjugates account for approximately 20% of the total. Renal clearance is approximately 10 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Decreased renal function does not alter the single-dose kinetics and dose adjustment is not normally required in patients with renal impairment. However, the hydroxy metabolite may accumulate in patients with end-stage disease and dose reduction may be necessary. Elimination is prolonged in patients with impaired liver function necessitating dose reduction. Hemodialysis increases the clearance of metronidazole, shortening the half-life to 2–3 h.Newborn infants possess a decreased capacity to eliminate metronidazole. In one study, the elimination half-life measured during the first 3 days of life was inversely related to gestational age. In premature newborns and infants whose gestational ages were between 28 and 40 weeks, the corresponding half-life elimination rates ranged from 10.9 to 22.5 h.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, tumorigenic, and teratogenic data. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: paresthesia, nerve or sheath structural changes, eye changes, tremors, fever, jaundice and other liver changes, hearingacuity changes, somnolence, and ataxia. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Synthesis

Metronidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-1-ethanol (37.2.10), is made by nitrating 2-methylimidazole to make 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (37.2.9), which is then reacted with 2-chloroethanol or ethylenoxide, which is easily transformed to the desired metronidazole.

Potential Exposure

Metronidazole is an orally administered drug for the treatment of infections due to entamoeba histolytica; trichomonas vaginalis; giardia lamblia, and has also been used for treating Vincent’s infection. It can be used as a trichomonacide in veterinary medicine. One firm has petitioned EPA to use metronidazole as a disinfectant for cooling tower water.

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

Although there are no veterinary-approved metronidazole products, the drug has been used extensively in the treatment of Giardia in both dogs and cats. It is also used clinically in small animals for the treatment of other parasites (Trichomonas and Balantidium coli) as well as treating both enteric and systemic anaerobic infections. In horses, metronidazole has been used clinically for the treatment of anaerobic infections.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs Alcohol: disulfiram-like reaction. Anticoagulants: effects of coumarins enhanced. Antiepileptics: metabolism of phenytoin inhibited; concentration reduced by phenobarbital. Busulfan: concentration of busulfan increased - risk of toxicity. Ciclosporin: raised blood level of ciclosporin. Cytotoxics: busulfan concentration increased; metabolism of fluorouracil inhibited.

Carcinogenicity

Metronidazole is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Environmental Fate

Due to metronidazole’s use as a pesticide, it may have been directly released into the environment. It lacks an adequate chromophore for absorbing light and undergoing photolytic degradation. In addition, in vitro assays demonstrated the compound’s robust stability in the atmosphere or aqueous environments. Metronidazole exhibited a soil half-life between 10 and 27 days.

Metabolism

Metronidazole is available in a variety of dosage forms, including IV, oral, rectal, and vaginal suppositories. The bioavailability of metronidazole is nearly 100% when administered orally but is significantly less when administered via the rectal route (67–82%) or the vaginal route (19–56%). The drug is not bound to plasma protein. Distribution of the drug is fairly uniform through out the body, including mother's milk. Liver metabolism of metronidazole leads to two major metabolites: hydroxylation of the 2-methyl group to 2-hydroxymethylmetronidazole (HM), and oxidation to metronidazole acetic acid. Both compounds possess biological activity. Additionally, HM is found in the urine as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. In addition, a small amount of metronidazole is oxidized to acetamide, a known carcinogen in rats but not in humans.

Shipping

UN3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

Toxicity evaluation

Metronidazole is a prodrug that requires reductive activation of the nitro group by susceptible organisms. The reduction causes nitro radical formation and destruction of the organism’s DNA. The mechanism of neurotoxicity is thought to be due to axonal degeneration. Metronidazole has been shown to bind neuronal RNA in rodent models, thus inhibiting protein synthesis and causing degeneration. Metronidazole is also capable of producing a disulfiram-type reaction with ethanol ingestion. This reaction is hypothesized to occur due to metronidazole inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Incompatibilities

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.

Waste Disposal

Dispose of contents and container to an approved waste disposal plant. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste drugs and pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, doublebagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged, and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

Who Evaluation

Evaluation year: 1989

InChI:InChI=1/C6H9N3O3/c1-5-7-6(9(11)12)4-8(5)2-3-10/h4,10H,2-3H2,1H3

443-48-1 Relevant articles

SYNTHESIS OF METRONIDAZOLE FROM ETHYLENEDIAMINE

Kraft, M. Ya.,Kochergin, P. M.,Tsyganova, A. M.,Shlikhunova, V. S.

, p. 861 - 863 (1989)

-

-

Ayscough et al.

, (1978)

-

Method for synthesizing metronidazole under catalysis of solid acid

-

Paragraph 0029-0058, (2019/09/05)

The invention discloses a method for syn...

Synthetic method for producing metronidazole raw medicinal material

-

Paragraph 0013-0014, (2018/07/30)

The invention discloses a synthetic meth...

Tritiated metronidazole and preparation method thereof

-

Paragraph 0044; 0045, (2017/08/28)

The invention belongs to the field of ra...

Environment-friendly method for metronidazole synthesis

-

Paragraph 0040; 0041; 0047; 0048, (2016/10/07)

The invention discloses an environment-f...

443-48-1 Process route

metronidazole palmitate
13182-85-9

metronidazole palmitate

1-hexadecylcarboxylic acid
57-10-3

1-hexadecylcarboxylic acid

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
Conditions Yield
With hydrogenchloride; citrate-phosphate-borate buffer; In ethanol; at 60 ℃; pH=3; Further Variations:; pH-values; Kinetics;
 
leucine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

leucine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

L-leucine
61-90-5,21675-61-6,25248-98-0,70-45-1

L-leucine

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
Conditions Yield
With sodium chloride; at 25 ℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
 
With water; at 37 ℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
 

443-48-1 Upstream products

  • 75-21-8
    75-21-8

    oxirane

  • 696-23-1
    696-23-1

    2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole

  • 73334-05-1
    73334-05-1

    metronidazole phosphate

  • 89218-56-4
    89218-56-4

    glycine ester of metronidaxole

443-48-1 Downstream products

  • 30529-13-6
    30529-13-6

    2-(4-[1,3]dioxolan-2-yl-styryl)-5-nitro-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole

  • 104575-36-2
    104575-36-2

    3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

  • 36698-08-5
    36698-08-5

    1-(2-Benzoyloxyethyl)-5-nitro-2-imidazole-α-phenylethenol benzoate

  • 75787-16-5
    75787-16-5

    C27H18N6O12

Relevant Products